Breast cancer is a prevalent disease that affects millions of women worldwide, and its impact can be life-changing. It does not discriminate based on age, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. However, it is a particular concern for women over 50, as the risk of breast cancer increases as we age.
Whether you are seeking information about your own breast health, or supporting your loved one with breast cancer, this guide will outline prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Causes and Risk Factors For Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a complex disease, and the exact causes are not always clear. However, researchers have identified several factors that may increase your risk of developing it. These factors include:
- Age and Gender: Advancing age is a significant risk factor for breast cancer, with the majority of cases occurring in women over the age of 50. However, it’s important to note that it can affect individuals of any age and gender.
- Family History and Genetics: A family history of breast cancer, especially if it involves a close relative such as a mother, sister, or daughter, can increase the risk. Two genes that are important in fighting cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2. If certain gene mutations occur, it can significantly raise the risk of developing breast cancer.
- Hormonal Factors: Hormonal influences play a role in breast cancer development. Women who started menstruating at an early age, had a late menopause, or never gave birth have a higher risk. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive use may also slightly increase the risk.
- Lifestyle and Environmental Factors: Certain lifestyle choices and environmental factors may contribute to breast cancer risk. These include excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, a lack of physical activity and obesity.
Types of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a complex disease. There are different types that require varying treatment approaches. The main types found in women over 50 include:
- Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: This early-stage breast cancer begins in the milk ducts, but does not invade surrounding tissues.
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: The most common form starts in the milk ducts and spreads to the surrounding breast tissue.
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma: Originates in the milk-producing lobules of the breast and can spread to nearby areas.
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of three hormone receptors: estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It tends to be more aggressive and has fewer treatment options compared to other types of breast cancer.
- Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: This type of breast cancer grows in response to estrogen or progesterone hormones.
- HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Involves an over-production of the HER2 protein, which can cause aggressive tumor growth.
Breast Cancer Symptoms and Warning Signs:
Detecting breast cancer in its early stages can greatly improve treatment outcomes for women over 50. While you may not experience any symptoms, it’s crucial to be aware of potential warning signs, which can include:
- A lump or thickening in your breast or underarm area
- Changes in breast size or shape
- Nipple changes, such as inversion, discharge, or scaling
- Skin changes, including redness, dimpling, or puckering
- Persistent breast or nipple pain
Prevention and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
While there is no guaranteed way to prevent breast cancer, early detection through regular screenings and prompt medical assessments are vital. Don’t put off your mammogram because you find it awkward or uncomfortable. Early detection is key to prevention and could potentially save your life.
5 WAYS TO PREVENT BREAST CANCER AND REDUCE YOUR RISK:
I. Regular Breast Screenings
- Mammography: A low-dose X-ray examination of the breast that can identify abnormal growths, even before they are noticeable. It is recommended that women over 50 undergo mammograms every two years. However, this may vary based on your individual risk factors.
- Breast Ultrasound: The use of sound waves to create images of breast tissues help distinguish between solid masses and cysts.
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This imaging technique uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to produce detailed images of your breast, aiding in cancer detection.
II. Breast Self-Examination
Perform monthly breast self-examinations to become familiar with your breasts and promptly report any changes to your doctor Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to perform a BSE:
1. Visual Examination:
- Look at your breasts in the mirror with your arms at your sides.
- Observe the size, shape, and contour of your breasts. Note any visible changes such as swelling, dimpling, or changes in skin texture.
- Raise your arms above your head and look for the same changes.
- Place your hands on your hips and press down firmly to flex your chest muscles. Check for any changes in the shape or contour of your breasts.
2. Tactile Examination (in the shower or lying down):
- Raise your right arm and use your left hand to examine your right breast.
- Use the pads of your fingers (not the fingertips) to gently feel your breast tissue in a circular motion. Start from the outer edges and move towards the nipple.
- Cover the entire breast area, including the upper chest and underarm areas.
- Repeat the process for the left breast, using your right hand.
3. Nipple Examination:
- Gently squeeze each nipple between your thumb and index finger. Check for any discharge, lumps, or changes in nipple shape.
4. Repeat Examination:
- Perform these steps again while lying down with a pillow under your right shoulder and your right arm behind your head. This position allows your breast tissue to spread evenly and makes it easier to examine.
Pay attention to any changes, such as lumps, thickening, swelling, redness, or pain in your breasts. Note any changes in size or shape, nipple discharge, or skin abnormalities. If you notice any abnormalities or changes during your self-examination, contact your doctor for further evaluation.
Remember, regular breast self-examinations are not a substitute for clinical breast examinations or mammograms. It’s important to combine self-exams with regular check-ups by a healthcare professional and screening methods recommended by medical guidelines.
III. Healthy Lifestyle
Adopting a healthy lifestyle can contribute to breast cancer prevention in women over 50. This includes maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, engaging in regular physical activity, limiting alcohol consumption, and avoiding smoking.
IV. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
If considering HRT, it is essential to discuss the risks and benefits with your healthcare provider, as prolonged use may slightly increase your risk of breast cancer.
V. Biopsy
Tissue samples are taken from suspicious areas for laboratory analysis to determine if cancer cells are present.
Breast Cancer Treatment
The treatment options for breast cancer depend on various factors, including the stage of the disease, the type of breast cancer, and individual considerations. Common forms of treatment include:
- Surgery: Surgical options include lumpectomy (removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue) and mastectomy (removal of the breast tissue). Lymph node removal may also be performed to determine if cancer has spread.
- Radiation Therapy: High-energy X-rays are targeted at your breast area to kill cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. This treatment is often used after surgery.
- Chemotherapy: Powerful drugs are used to destroy cancer cells throughout your body. Chemotherapy can be administered before surgery to shrink tumors or after surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells.
- Hormone Therapy: This approach is used for hormone receptor-positive breast cancers. Medications, such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, are used to block the effects of hormones or reduce hormone production.
- Targeted Therapy: Targeted drugs, such as Herceptin (trastuzumab), are designed to specifically target cancer cells with certain genetic characteristics, such as HER2-positive breast cancers.
- Immunotherapy: This innovative treatment approach boosts your body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Breast cancer is a significant concern for women over 50, but knowledge, awareness, and early detection are powerful weapons in the fight against this disease. By understanding the risk factors, recognizing the warning signs, and embracing regular screenings, women can take proactive steps to protect their health.
It is essential to prioritize self-care, maintain open communication with healthcare providers, and support one another through education and compassion. With advancements in research and treatment, there is hope for improved outcomes and a brighter future for women affected by breast cancer.
